The Problem of Developing

The concept of substance is frankincense inferred from concrete impressions based on experience, and the experience must(prenominal) prey the concept or the concept would have no meaning. Hume uses the marches "idea" in an ambiguous way that makes round of what he says about them unclear, and this means that their precise relationship to experience is alike unclear to a great degree. His distinction between impressions and ideas, magic spell it does show that Hume believes experience can be divided into its segment elements, withal shows how the two types of perception have to be cogitate to experience.

Difficulties in describing these matters in language were taken up by Ayer and other logical positivists. Ayer interrogatives the very possibility of knowledge, let alone its source. He finds that the state of knowing roughthing does not consist in being in some special state of mind. Ayer also sees the knowledge of logic and excellent mathematics as a priori knowledge. Ayer considers whether it is necessary that, in order to know anything, there must be some state of mind that can be considered cognitive. Ayer is interested in knowledge as truth, and while some truths can be inferred and demonstrat

The question of meaning is vital in deciding behavior. ayer states that ethical controversys be not verifiable because they do not deal with matters of position but rather of judgment and value.

It is rather emotive:

d from other truths, following a logical line from a priori knowledge to demonstrate the truth of logical statements, there is some knowledge, some statements of empirical fact, that must be verified forthwith by experience. Such experience,s however, leave alone be cognitive, since having this experience will itself be a way of knowing something to be true. Ayer says a similar argument pertains to a priori statements, such as those of pure mathematics. While it is possible to prove one mathematical statement by deducing it from others, the proof has to begin somewhere, meaning there must be at least one statement which is reliable without proof. This is an axiom that is known intuitively. The seeing that one statement follows from other and that the intuitive axiom leads to other knowledge is the performance of a cognitive act. Indeed, Ayer finds that it is the having of the experience itself that verifies truth and not the degree of self-confidence we have in the logi
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